OANSI - Summary of Ansi Driver escape codes OAPPEND - Locates data files outside the current directory OASSIGN - Reroutes disk I/O requests to another drive OATTRIB - Allows the changing of the Read Only and Archive bits for files OBACKUP - Allows the backing up of files from one disk to another OBATCH - Summary of Batch file options OBREAK - Enables control break checking OCHCP - Selects the Code Page that DOS will use OCHDIR (CD) - Changes the current directory OCHKDSK - Analyzes the specified drive and reports memory usage OCLS - Clears the screen OCOMMAND - Starts a secondary command processor OCOMP - Compares the contents of two files OCONFIG - Summary of configuration file options OCOPY - Copies files OCTTY - Changes standard input and output to an auxiliary console ODATE - Displays or changes the date ODEBUG - Summary of Debugger commands ODEL - Deletes files ODIR - Displays a directory of disk contents ODISKCOMP - Compares the contents of two disks ODISKCOPY - Copies the contents of one disk to another OEDLIN - Summary of Line Editor commands OERASE - Erases files (same command as DEL) OFASTOPEN - Installs a file handle cache for directory searching OFDISK - Allows creation, display, and modification of partition data OFIND - Finds specified strings (Filter) OFORMAT - Initializes a disk for use OGRAFTABL - Allows extended characters to be displayed in graphics mode OGRAPHICS - Allows graphics displays to be dumped to the printer OHELP - Displays help on DOS (Help <command> for more detail) OJOIN - Logically connects a drive to a directory on another drive OKEYB - Loads another keyboard program OLABEL - Allows creation, change, or deletion of a volume label OMKDIR (MD) - Creates a subdirectory under the current directory OMODE - Set operation for I/O devices OMORE - Allows display of data one screen at a time (Filter) ONLSFUNC - Loads the support for Code Page switching OPATH - Allows search for executables in other directories OPRINT - Outputs files to the printer OPROMPT - Sets a new DOS prompt ORECOVER - Recovers files from a disk with a bad sector OREN(AME) - Changes the name of a file OREPLACE - Selectively replaces files ORESTORE - Restores backed up files to a disk ORMDIR (RD) - Removes empty directories OSELECT - Installs DOS on new disk, selecting key layout & date/time format OSET - Inserts strings into the environment OSHARE - Loads support for file sharing and disk change protection OSORT - Sorts data (Filter) OSTDIO - Explanation of Standard I/O and Function Keys OSUBST - Allows using a drive specifier to refer to a drive or path OSYS - Transfers the operating system hidden files to another disk OTIME - Displays or changes the time OTREE - Displays the directory structure OTYPE - Displays the contents of a file OVER - Displays the DOS version number OVERIFY - Verifies that data written to disks is correct OVOL - Displays the disk volume label OXCOPY - Copies files and subdirectories OANSI : Detailed specifications on the escape codes used by the Ansi driver. O OGeneral : The ansi driver is a device driver that is distributed along with O DOS which allows screen and keyboard control. O OInstallation : The driver is contained in a file called ANSI.SYS. A file O called CONFIG.SYS must be located in the root directory of O the boot-up disk (see the help information on CONFIG). This O file must contain the line "device = [path]ansi.sys" where path O specifies where the ansi.sys file is located. When the computer O reboots, the ansi driver will be installed. O ODriver Use : The driver's functions are executed by sending an escape sequence O to the standard output. An escape sequence consists of the ascii O escape character (27 decimal) and some additional command O characters. The prompt command allows the generation of an O escape character by putting a "$e" in the prompt string. O OEscape Sequences : <esc>[x;yH - Moves the cursor to column x and row y O <esc>[yA - Moves the cursor up y rows O <esc>[yB - Moves the cursor down y rows O <esc>[xC - Moves the cursor right x columns O <esc>[xD - Moves the cursor left x columns O (redundant) <esc>[x;yf - Moves the cursor to column x and row y O <esc>[6n - Causes output of cursor position report O (output of [6n) <esc>[x;yR - Report of cursor at column x and row y O <esc>[s - Saves the current cursor position O <esc>[r - Restores the previously saved cursor position O <esc>[2J - Erases the display and homes the cursor O <esc>[k - Erases from the cursor to line end, inclusive O <esc>[#;...;#m - Sets character attributes, # can be : O O 0 - Turns off all attributes 30 - Black Foreground O 1 - Sets high intensity bit 31 - Red Foreground O 4 - Turns on underscore (monochrome only) 32 - Green Foreground O 5 - Blink on 33 - Yellow Foreground O 7 - Reverse video on 34 - Blue Foreground O 8 - Invisible 35 - Magenta Foreground O 36 - Cyan Foreground O 37 - White Foreground O O 40 - Black Background 44 - Blue Background O 41 - Red Background 45 - Magenta Background O 42 - Green Background 46 - Cyan Background O 43 - Yellow Background 47 - White Background O O <esc>[=#h - # Invokes the specified screen width or type O 0 - 40x25 B&W 4 - 320x200 Color O 1 - 40x25 Color 5 - 320x200 B&W O 2 - 80x25 B&W 6 - 640x200 B&W O 3 - 80x25 Color O 7 - Turns on wrap at line end O <esc>[=#I - Same as above except 7 turns off line wrap O <esc>[#;#;...;#p - Keyboard redefinition, the first O -or- <esc>[#;"string";p number is the ASCII code of the key O being redefined, the remaining O numbers (or string) are generated O when the key is struck. A leading O 0 indicates an extended ASCII code O (i.e. 0;68 for F10). O OExamples : Assign the string "help" to be generated when F1 is struck. O - <esc>[0;59;"help";p O O O Set the prompt to Cyan on White and the rest of the text to O high intensity Red on Black. O - PROMPT $e[0;36;47m$p$g $e[1;31;40m OAPPEND - Locates files outside of the current directory that have extensions O other than .COM, .EXE, and .BAT O OFormat : The first time APPEND is loaded: O [d:][path]APPEND d:path[;[d:]path...] -or- O [d:][path]APPEND [/X] [/E] O O After APPEND has been loaded: O APPEND d:path[;[d:]path...] -or- O APPEND [;] O OUse : [d:][path] before APPEND specifies that the command is located O on another drive or in another directory. After the initial O loading of APPEND, this does not need to be specified. O O [d:][path][;[d:]path...] after APPEND specifies the path or paths O which are to be searched. Paths cannot be specified the first time O APPEND is loaded if the /X or /E options are specified. O O [;] separates the paths in list of paths, or resets the APPEND O list to null if the semi-colon is the only parameter. O O O [/X] to process SEARCH FIRST, FIND FIRST, and EXEC functions. This O option is required to allow DOS internal commands, COMP, DIR, BACKUP, O RESTORE, and TREE to make use of the APPEND list. O O [/E] is used to keep the APPEND paths in the DOS environment. APPEND O will search the environment on each call to find the path. Both O APPEND and SET can be used to set the path with this option. O OExamples : append /x /e - Loads APPEND with the /x and /e options O append c:\apps;c:\bin - Sets the apps and bin directories into O the search path OASSIGN - Instructs DOS to route disk I/O requests for one drive to O another disk. O OFormat : [d:][path]ASSIGN [x[=]y[...]] O OUse : [d:][path] before ASSIGN specifies that the command is located O on another drive or in another directory. O O X specifies the drive to which current drive requests are sent. O O Y specifies the drive to which drive requests are now to be sent to. O O No parameters resets the drive assignments to normal. O OExamples : assign a=b - All disk accesses to drive a: will now be rerouted O to drive b: so "dir a:" will give a directory of O drive b: OATTRIB - Allows the Read Only and Archive bits to be set and reset O for a given file or set of files. Also allows display of the O current status of those bits. O OFormat : [d:][path]ATTRIB [+R|-R] [+A|-A] [d:][path]filename[.ext] [/S] O OUse : [d:][path] before ATTRIB specifies that the command is located O on another drive or in another directory. O O +R is used to set the Read Only bit for a file. O O -R is used to reset the Read Only bit for a file. O O +A is used to set the Archive bit for a file. O O -A is used to reset the Archive bit for a file. O O [d:][path][filename[.ext]] specifies the file to use and its O location. O O [/S] will process all files in the specified directory and its O subdirectories. O OExamples : attrib +r -a *.txt - Turns on the read only bit and turns off O the archive bit for all files with the O extension "txt". O attrib *.* /s - Displays the current status of all files O in the current directory and all of its O subdirectories OBACKUP - Backs up one or more files from one disk to another. O OFormat : [d:][path]BACKUP d:[path][filename[.ext]] d: [/S][/M][/A][/D:mm-dd-yy] O [/T:hh:mm:ss][/F][/L[:[d:][path]filename[.ext]]] O OUse : [d:][path] before BACKUP specifies that the command is located on O another drive or in another directory. O O d: specifies the drive that contains the files to back up (source). O [path][filename[.ext]] specifies individual files that are to be O backed up. O O d: specifies the drive that will contain the backed up files (target). O O /S to backup subdirectory files in addition to the files in the O specified or current directory. O O /M to backup files that have been modified since the last backup. O O /A to add files to those already present on the target disk. O O /D to backup files that have been modified on or after the specified O date. O /T to backup files that have been modified on or after the specified O time on the date specified. O O /F to format the target disk if it is not already formatted. BACKUP O formats by executing the FORMAT utility, so FORMAT must be in the O current directory or in the path. O O /L to create a log file. If no file is specified, then the name O BACKUP.LOG will be used. If a log file exists, the information will O be appended to the end of that file. The first record of the file O will contain the date and time of the backup. Subsequent records O contain the number of the disk used, and the files contained on that O disk. O ONotes : BACKUP returns the following exit codes for use by batch files : O 0 - Normal Completion O 1 - No files found to backup O 2 - Some files not backed up due to file sharing conflicts O 3 - Terminated by user (control break) O 4 - Terminated due to error O O Do not use BACKUP while the APPEND command is in effect. O OExamples : backup c: a: /s - backs up all files on drive c: to a: O O backup c:\*.exe a: /s /a - adds all files with the "exe" extension O located on drive c: to a: OBATCH - Summary of commands used by batch files. O OFormat : [d:][path]filename[.bat] [parameters] O OAUTOEXEC.BAT - First file run by DOS on start up. O OReplaceable - %1 through %9 are replaced by parameters passed on command Oparameters line. %0 replaced by batch file name. O OEnvironment - %variable% replaced by contents of the environment variable. OVariables %PATH% would be replaced by the current path. O O@ - The ampersand will prevent a line in a batch file from being displayed O Ocommand>nul - Will keep the output of the command from displaying O OCALL [d:][path]filename - Allows another batch file to be executed within the O currently executing one. O OECHO [ON|OFF|message] - ON, which is the default, allows the display of the O DOS commands as they execute. OFF turns off this display for current O batch file only. A message will be displayed with the echo command O regardless ECHO state. ECHO alone displays the current state. OFOR %%variable IN (set) DO command - %%variable is sequentially set to each O member of "set" and then the "command" is executed. If wildcards are O used in "set" then %%variable will be set to each matching filename O from the disk. Pathnames are allowed in the set. %%variable can be used O as part of the command (similar to replaceable parameters). If FOR is O used outside of a batch file, then only one % is used before the variable. O OGOTO [:]label - "GOTO label" will cause commands to be executed starting with O the line immediately after ":label" O OIF [NOT] condition command - The condition parameter is one of the following: O ERRORLEVEL number, string1==string2, EXIST [d:][path]filename[.ext] O If the condition is true the command is executed, NOT will cause execution O if the condition is false. "ERRORLEVEL number" is true if the previous O program had an exit code of the given number or higher. "string1==string2" O is true if the strings are identical (used with parameters and variables). O EXIST is true if the file is found in the specified directory. O OPAUSE [remark] - Pauses execution, displaying the remark specified or O "Strike any key when ready...", until a key is struck, except Ctrl-Break. O OREM [remark] - Displays remarks from within a batch file, unless ECHO is off O or command preceded by an @. REM without a remark displays a blank line. OSHIFT - Allows use of more than 9 replaceable parameters. Each SHIFT causes O the parameters to be shifted one position to the left, so that the O parameter %0 is set to the parameter for %1, %1 to %2, etc... O OExamples : @echo off - Turn off echoing O for %%a in (*.bat) type %%a - Display all batch files O O @echo off - Turn off echoing O copy header.txt+%1 %1>nul - Add header.txt to the file O specified on the command line O O @echo off - Turn off echoing O yourprog - Execute yourprog O if errorlevel 1 goto error - If error go to error label O echo Program executed with no errors - Display message O goto end - Go to end of batch file O :error - Label for error O echo Program had errors - Display other message O :end - Label for end of batch file OBREAK - Allows you to instruct DOS to check for a control break whenever a O program request DOS to perform any function. O OFormat : BREAK [ON|OFF] O OUse : ON turns on the checking for ctrl-break O O OFF turns off the checking for ctrl-break O O no parameters displays the current status of the checking OCHCP - Selects the code page that DOS will use and selects that code page for O as many devices as possible. This is a system level command, while MODE O is a device level command. O OFormat : CHCP [nnn] O OUse : [nnn] specifies the code page to use, if omitted the operating system O code page is displayed. O ONotes : NLSFUNC command must be loaded before issuing the CHCP command O O If a device driver has not been prepared for the requested code page, O then CHCP cannot select the code page for that device. Refer to the O MODE command. O O The command may need to access the COUNTRY.SYS file. If the file O cannot be found, a "file not found" message is displayed. A COUNTRY= O statement will need to be added to CONFIG.SYS or the NLSFUNC command. OCHDIR or CD - Changes the DOS current directory to that of the specified O directory. O OFormat : CHDIR [d:][path] or CD [d:][path] O OUse : [d:] specifies the drive whose current directory is to be used. O O [path] specifies the desired directory. O O DOS looks in the current directory for subdirectories that are O specified without a path (e.g. subdir1 instead of \subdir1). O O No parameters will cause the current directory path to be given. O OExamples : cd .. - changes to the parent directory O O cd ..\help - changes to the peer level directory "help" O O cd \sys\dos - changes to directory "dos" two levels below the root O O cd \ - changes to the root directory O O cd apps - changes to the subdirectory "apps" of this directory OCHKDSK - Analyzes the directories, files and the File Allocation Table on the O designated or default drive and produces a disk and memory status O report. O OFormat : [d:][path]CHKDSK [d:][path][filename[.ext]] [/F] [/V] O OUse : [d:][path] before CHKDSK will specify the drive and path where the O CHKDSK command file is located. O O [d:][path][filename[.ext]] to specify a filename. If a filename is O specified, then CHKDSK will display the number of noncontiguous areas O occupied by the file or files. O O /F to fix errors found. O O /V to display all files and their paths on the default or specified O drive. OCLS - Clears the screen. O OFormat : CLS O OUse : Clears the display of all information. OCOMMAND - Starts a secondary command processor O OFormat : COMMAND [d:][path] [/P] [/C string] [E:xxxxx] O OUse : [d:][path] before COMMAND specifies the drive and path that contains O the file COMMAND.COM. If not found the environment is searched for O the variable COMSPEC= and looks in the path specified there. O O [/P] causes the new copy of the command processor to become O permanent in memory. You must reboot to remove it. O O [/C string] allows you to pass a string which contains a command O that will be executed by the new command processor. The command O will be executed then control will return to the primary command O processor. O O [/E:xxxxx] sets the environment for the new command processor to O the size specified by xxxxx (base 10). It is rounded up to the O nearest paragraph boundary. O ONotes : /P and /C together will cause /P to be ignored. OCOMP - Compares the contents of two specified files to determine differences. O OFormat : [d:][path]COMP [d:][path][filename[.ext]] [d:][path][filename[.ext]] O OUse : [d:][path] before COMP specifies the drive and path that contains the O COMP command file. O O [d:][path][filename[.ext]] specifies the first set of filenames that O are to be compared. O O [d:][path][filename[.ext]] specifies the second set of files to which O the first set are to be compared. O ONotes : You will be prompted for information not supplied with the command. O O When a mismatch if found the following is displayed: O Compare error at OFFSET XXXXXXX O File 1 = XX O File 2 = XX O Where the offset is the number of bytes into the file that the O mismatch occurred. The mismatched bytes themselves are also displayed O in hexidecimal. O O COMP will continue for 10 mismatches. After 10, it will assume that O further processing would be pointless and will give up, giving the O following message: O 10 Mismatches - ending compare O O After completion of the first compare, the next file which matches O the first parameter will be compared. This continues until no more O matches are found. COMP will then give the option to compare more O files, or return to DOS. O O Both files must have end of file markers (ctrl-z or hex 1A) for O COMP to work correctly. COMP will give an error message and terminate O if it cannot find them. Both files must be the same size to be O compared. O OExamples : comp b:*.asm c: - compares all files on drive b: with the extension O "asm" with the files on drive c: with the same O names. O O comp c:\text c:\backup - compares all files in the directory "text" O with their corresponding files in the O directory "backup". OCONFIG - Summary of commands which can be contained in the CONFIG.SYS file. O ONotes : The CONFIG.SYS file is used to inform DOS of the configuration O it is to use while it is in operation. The following commands are kept O in a text file called CONFIG.SYS and it must be located in the root O directory of the disk from which DOS is loaded. O OBREAK=[ON|OFF] - The default configuration is BREAK OFF, which means that O ctrl-break will only be check for during standard I/O operations. BREAK ON O will allow checking for ctrl-break whenever a DOS function is accessed by O an application. O OBUFFERS=x - Tells DOS how many disk buffers to allocate in memory when it O starts. Defaults are as follows: buffers=2, any disk over 360K buffers=3, O memory greater than 128K buffers=5, memory greater than 256K buffers=10, O memory greater than 512K buffers=15. O OCOUNTRY=xxx,[yyy],[d:]filename[.ext] -or- COUNTRY=xxx,[yyy] - xxx is the 3 O digit international country code for the telephone system. yyy is the O code page of the desired country information. [d:]filename[.ext] O specifies the COUNTRY information file. O O ODEVICE=[d:][path]filename[.ext] - Allows the name of a device driver to be O specified to DOS so the driver can be loaded. The following device O drivers are included with DOS: O O ANSI.SYS - enhanced standard input and output driver (see ANSI) O O DISPLAY.SYS - Allows code page switching on other types of displays. O device = [d:][path]DISPLAY.SYS CON[:]=(type[,[hwcp][,(n,m)]]) O type - display type (MONO, CGA, EGA, or LCD) hwcp - code page (437 or 850) O n - additional code pages m - sub-fonts supported O O DRIVER.SYS - Allows use of a disk device by referencing a logical letter. O device=DRIVER.SYS /D:ddd [/T:ttt] [/S:ss] [/H:hh] [/C] [/N] [/F:f] O /D:ddd - physical drive number (diskette 0 - 127) (fixed 128 - 255) O /T:ttt - tracks per side (1-999) /S:ss - sectors per track (1-99) O /H:hh - max number heads (1-99) /C - changeline support is required O /N - nonremovable block device O /F:f - device type (0-160/180KB, 0-320/360KB, 1-1.2MB, 2-720KB, 7-1.44MB) O O PRINTER.SYS - Allows use of code page switching on Proprinter Model 4201 O Quietwriter III Model 5202 O device = [d:][path]PRINTER.SYS LPT#[:]=(type[,[hwcp[,hwcp..]][,n]]) O LPT# - printer device (LPT1 - LPT3] type - printer (4201 or 5202) O hwcp - specifies cope page supported by the hardware (437,850,860,863,865) O n - specifies the number of additional codes that can be supported O O VDISK.SYS - Allows the installation of a ram disk O device = [d:][path]vdisk.sys [bbb] [sss] [ddd] [/E[:m]] O bbb - size in kilobytes sss - sector size in bytes O ddd - number of directory entries /E - use extended memory O m - maximum number of sectors to transfer at once O OFCBS=m,n - Number of file control blocks that can be open (m) and the number O that can be closed at once if too many are opened. O OFILES=x - Number of files that can be open simultaneously (8 to 255, default 8) O OLASTDRIVE=p - Sets maximum number of drives (A to Z, default E) O OSHELL=[d:][path]filename[.ext] [/E:xxxxx] [/P] - Allow the specification of O a top level command processor that will be loaded instead of COMMAND.COM O (COMMAND.COM is legal for the /E parameter). [/P] makes the installation O permanent. [/E] sets aside the given number of bytes for the environment. O OSTACKS=n,s - Allows override of the default stack resources. n is the number O of stack frames (8-64). s is the size, in bytes, of each frame (32-512). OCOPY - Copies one or more files to a specified location. Files that exist in O that location, with the same name, are replaced. O OFormat : COPY [/A][/B][d:][path][filename[.ext]] O [/A][/B][d:][path][filename[.ext]] [/V] O OUse : The first file specified is the source file. Multiple source files O can be specified using wildcards. Multiple files separated by a plus O [+] are concatenated into the same target. O [/A] causes the source file to be treated as an ASCII file. O [/B] causes the entire source file (based on directory size) to be O copied. O O The second specification is the target for the files. This can be a O disk and/or a path, in which case the source files are copied with the O filenames they had at the source, or a filename may be specified so O that a new filename is used. O [/A] causes a Ctrl-Z to be added as the last character of the file. O [/B] causes no end of file character to be added. O O [/V] provides verification of the copy. O O O specifying [con] as the source will allow file creation from console. O OExamples : copy con test.bat - Whatever is typed until a ctrl-z or F6 is O given will be written into the file test.bat. O O copy a.1+b.2 c.3 - Appends the file b.2 to the file a.1 and O puts the result in c.3. O O copy stuff.txt a: - Copies the file stuff.txt to drive a: and O replaces the file stuff.txt on drive a: if O it exists. O O copy *.* c:\ - Copies all files on the current drive to the O root directory of drive c: and replaces any O files with the same names on drive c: with O the new version. O O copy art.bas prn - Copies the file art.bas to the printer. O O copy \dos\a.1 \bin\b.2 - Copies the file a.1 located in the O dos subdirectory to the bin subdirectory, O renaming it b.2 and replacing b.2 if it O exists. OCTTY - Changes the standard input and output console to an auxiliary console, O or restores the keyboard and screen as the standard input and output O devices. O OFormat : CTTY device-name O OUse : device-name specifies the device to use as the primary console. O Specify AUX, COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4 to use that device as the O primary console. Specify CON to reset to the standard I/O devices. O OExamples : ctty com2 - Sets a terminal connected to COM2 to the primary O console. O O ctty con - Resets the keyboard and display as the primary console. ODATE - Changes or displays the date. O OFormat : DATE [mm-dd-yy] O OUse : [mm-dd-yy] specifies the date to which the internal clock is to be O changed. O O No parameters displays the date, and requests the user to enter a new O date. A return without entering a new date will end the date function O without changing the date. O O On machines with permanent clocks, the clock date is also changed. ODEBUG - Summary of commands used in the debugger. O ONotes : Debug is a program that allows the viewing and modification of binary O files. It is mostly used with executable files. O OFormat : DEBUG [d:][path]filename[.ext] O OCommands - Debug will give a "-" as a prompt, the following are legal commands O to give at that prompt. O OA[address] - Assemble: Allows assembly language statements to be entered O starting at the given address. When a blank line is entered, the O previously entered statements are assembled into object code. OC range address - Compare: Compares the contents of two blocks of O memory and reports on inequalities. The range gives the number of bytes O starting at each address which are to be compared. OD[address] [range] - Dump: Displays the contents of a portion of memory. O Address will specify a dump starting at the given address. Range will O specify the size of the dump. OE address [list] - Enter: Allows modification of the specified address O location, and the locations following it. Hitting the spacebar will O give the next address location, and allow modification. Enter will O stop the modification. A list may be specified which will be the O new data to put in the locations starting at the given address and O continuing until the list is exhausted. OF range list - Fill: Fills the memory locations in the range with the values on O the list. If the list is shorter than the range, then the list will be O repeated until the range is filled. OG[=address][address[address...]] - Go: Executes the program and stops when the O optional breakpoint or breakpoints are reached. OH value value - Hexarithmetic: Adds the two hexidecimal values then subtracts O the second from the first, displaying both results. OI portaddress - Input: Inputs and displays 1 byte from the specified port. OL [address[drive sector sector]] - Load: Loads a file or absolute disk sectors O into memory (see the N command). OM range address - Move: Moves the contents of the specified range to the memory O block starting at the specified address. ON [d:][path]filename[.ext] - Name: Sets up a file control block for the O given file, so that the l and w commands can be used with this file. OO portaddress byte - Output: Sends the given byte to the specified port. OP[=address][value] - Proceed: Causes the execution of a subroutine call, a loop O instruction, an interrupt, or a repeat string instruction. OQ - Quit: Ends the DEBUG program. OR [registername] - Register: Displays the contents of one or all of the O registers. Displaying a single register allows the modification of its O contents. OS range list - Search: Searches the given range for the character(s) in the O list. OT[=address] [value] - Trace: Executes the number of instructions specified by O value, starting at the specified address. OU [address] - Unassemble: Unassembles instructions into assembly code, O starting at the address specified. OW [address[drive sector sector]] - Write: Writes the data being debugged to O the disk (see the N command). ODEL or ERASE - Deletes the specified file. O OFormat : DEL [d:][path]filename[.ext] or ERASE [d:][path]filename[.ext] O OUse : The specified file will be deleted. O ONotes : Attempts to delete all files in a subdirectory must be confirmed O before they will be allowed to proceed. ODIR - Lists either all of the directory entries, or only those specified. O OFormat : DIR [d:][path][filename[.ext]] [/P] [/W] O OUse : [d:][path][filename[.ext]] specifies the file or files whose directory O is to be displayed. O O [/P] causes the output to pause when the display is full. O O [/W] causes output to be in the form of a wide listing. O OExamples : dir *.bat - Directory of all files in the current directory O with the extension ".bat" O O dir text - Directory of all files named text, regardless of O extension. O O dir a:\comms\ - Directory of all files in the subdirectory comms O on drive a: O O dir *. - Directory of all subdirectories of the current O directory, and all files without extensions. ODISKCOMP - Compares the contents of two floppy disks. O OFormat : [d:][path]DISKCOMP [d: [d:]] [/1] [/8] O OUse : [d:][path] before DISKCOMP specifies the drive and path where the O DISKCOMP command file is located. O O The first [d:] specifies the source drive. O O The second [d:] specifies the target drive. O O [/1] specifies comparison of the first side only. O O [/8] specifies comparison using 8 sectors per track. O O Specifying a single drive performs a one drive comparison. O O Specifying no drive performs a one drive comparison on the default O drive. O OExamples : diskcomp a: b: - Compares disks in drives a: and b:. ODISKCOPY - Copies one floppy disk to another, performing a format if needed. O OFormat : [d:][path]DISKCOPY [d: [d:]] [/1] O OUse : [d:][path] before DISKCOPY specifies the drive and path where the O DISKCOPY command file is located. O O The first [d:] specifies the source drive. O O The second [d:] specifies the target drive. O O [/1] specifies copying of the first side only. O O Specifying a single drive performs a one drive copy. O O Specifying no drive performs a one drive copy using the default O drive. O OExamples : diskcopy a: b: - Copies the disk in drive a: to drive b:. OEDLIN - Summary of commands used in the Line Editor. O OFormat : EDLIN [d:][path]filename[.ext] [/B] O OUse : [d:][path]filename[.ext] specifies the file to be edited. O O [/B] specifies that the file is a binary file and should continue O to load even is a ctrl-z (end of file) is encountered. O OCommands : O O[n]A - Append Lines: Adds the specified number of lines from disk to the file O being edited. Lines are added at the end of the current lines in memory. O O[line],[line],line[,count]C - Copy Lines: Copies the lines in the specified O range to the line number specified by the third parameter. The operation O is repeated the number of time specified by count. O O[line][,line]D - Delete Lines: Deletes the specified range of lines O O[line] - Edit Line: Giving a line number and an enter, will allow editing of O that line. The standard control and editing keys for DOS are in effect O (see STDIO). OE - End Edit: Quits the program and saves the file. O O[line]I - Insert Lines: Inserts lines of text immediately before the line O given. You can terminate the insert mode by entering a ctrl-z (or F6) and O an enter as the first input on a line. O O[line][,line]L - List Lines: Displays the specified range of lines. O O[line],[line],lineM - Move lines: Moves the range of lines specified by the O first two parameters ahead of the line specified by the third parameter. O O[line][,line]P - Page: Displays the specified range of lines. This differs O from List, in that the last line displayed becomes the new current line. O OQ - Quit edit: Aborts the editing session without saving the changes made. O O[line][,line][?]R[string][<ctrl-z>string] - Replace Text: Replaces all O occurrences of the first string with the second string within the specified O range of lines. The [?] parameter allows for a confirmation before O replacing each occurrence. O O O O[line][,line][?]S[string] - Search Text: Searches a specified range of lines O to find the specified string. Search ends on the first occurrence, unless O the [?] parameter is specified, in which case it will continue until told O to stop. O O[line]T[d:]filename - Transfer Lines: Merges the contents of the specified O file ahead of the specified line in the file being edited. O O[n]w - Write Lines: Writes the specified number of lines to disk from the O lines being edited in memory. Write starts from line 1. OFASTOPEN - Stores in memory the location of directories and recently opened O files, speeding access to them. O OFormat : [d:][path]FASTOPEN d:[=nnn]... O OUse : [d:][path] before FASTOPEN specifies the drive and path where the O FASTOPEN command file is located. O O d: specifies the fixed disk to process, multiple drives may be used, O drives defined by JOIN, SUBST, or ASSIGN may not be used. O O nnn to specify the number of directories or file entries to remember O for the given drive. Range is 10 to 999, and the default is 34. O ONotes : Each entry specified adds 35 bytes to the system memory O O 999 is the maximum number of entries that can be used total by all O drives. O O FASTOPEN can only be run once. O OExamples : fastopen c:=100 d:=50 - Allocates 150 entries, 100 for drive c: and O 50 for drive d:, 5250 bytes added to system. OFDISK - Allows creation, set up, display, and deletion of the DOS partition O on fixed disks. O OFormat : [d:][path]FDISK O OUse : [d:][path] before FDISK specifies the drive and path where the FDISK O command file is located. O ONotes : Extended DOS partitions are allowed to divide a fixed disk larger than O 32 Megabytes into multiple logical disk drives of up to 32 MB each. OFIND (Filter) - Sends all lines from the specified files that contain the O specified string to the output device. O OFormat : [d:][path]FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] "string" [[d:][path][filename[.ext]]...] O OUse : [d:][path] before FIND specifies the drive and path where the O FIND command file is located. O O [/V] displays all lines NOT containing the string. O O [/C] displays a count of all lines containing the string. O O [/N] displays the relative line number of each occurrence. O O "string" must be enclosed in double quotes. O O [d:][path][filename[.ext]] specifies one or more files to be searched O for the string. Global parameters can not be used. O ONOTE : FIND is especially useful in filtering the output of another function, O such as DIR. No files need to be specified in this case. O O OExamples : find "Atlanta" report1.txt report2.txt O - Displays all lines in the two files that contain the name Atlanta. O O dir c:\ | find "BAT" O - Displays all of the batch files contained in the root directory O on drive c:. O O tree c: \f | find "COM" O - Displays all of the executable files with the extension ".com" O on drive c:. OFORMAT - Initializes a disk for use by DOS. O OFormat : [d:][path]FORMAT [d:] [/S] [/1] [/8] [/V] [/B] [/4] [/N:xx] [/T:yy] O OUse : [d:][path] before FORMAT specifies the drive and path where the O FORMAT command file is located. O O [d:] specifies the drive where the disk to be formatted resides. O O [/S] specifies copying the operating system to the disk. O O [/1] formats the disk for single sided use only. O O [/8] formats the disk to 8 sectors per track. O O [/V] will allow the giving of a volume label to the disk. O O [/B] creates a disk with 8 sectors per track and space for any O version of DOS system files. O O [/4] allows the formatting of a double sided disk in a high capacity O disk drive. O O [/N:xx] specifies the number of sectors per track to format. O O [/T:xx] specifies the number of tracks to format. O ONotes : /N and /T are used to format a disk to less than maximum supported O capacity of a drive. O O FORMAT returns the following exit codes upon completion: O 0 - Successful completion O 3 - Terminated by the user O 4 - Terminated due to error O 5 - Terminated due to an "N" response on a fixed disk O O Double sided disks formatted in a 1.2MB drive cannot be read O in a 360KB drive, however disks formatted in a 360KB drive, O can be read in a 1.2MB drive. O OExamples : format a: /S /V - Format disk is drive a:, give it a label, and O install the operating system on it. O O format b: /4 - Format the disk in drive b:. The disk is a double O sided disk, and this drive is a 1.2MB drive. OGRAFTABL - Loads a table of additional character data for use in the graphics O modes. This program needs to only be run once. This command will O allow the display of foreign language characters and extended ASCII O characters in graphics modes. O OFormat : [d:][path]GRAFTABL [437|860|863|863|/STATUS] O OUse : [d:][path] before GRAFTABL specifies the drive and path where the O GRAFTABL command file is located. O O 437 - United States code page (default) O 860 - Portugal code page O 863 - Canada (Fr.) code page O 865 - Norway and Denmark code page O O /STATUS displays the number of the selected country code page O O O O O O O ONotes : GRAFTABL sets the following exit codes upon completion: O 0 - There is no previously defined table, the requested one is now O loaded, and the available RAM is reduced by 1360 bytes. O 1 - There was a previously loaded table, it has been replaced. O 2 - No previously loaded table exists and no new table has been loaded. O 3 - Incorrect parameter, no action taken. O 4 - Incorrect version of DOS, 3.30 is required. O OExamples : graftabl 860 - Loads the Portuguese code page OGRAPHICS - Allows the contents of a graphics screen to be dumped to a printer O using the PrtSc key. O OFormat : [d:][path]GRAPHICS [printer type] [/R] [/B] [/LCD] O OUse : [d:][path] before GRAPHICS specifies the drive and path where the O GRAPHICS command file is located. O O [printer type] specifies the printer connected to the computer. The O following types are available: O COLOR1 - IBM Color Printer with black ribbon O COLOR4 - IBM Color Printer with RGB ribbon O COLOR8 - IBM Color Printer with CMY ribbon O COMPACT - IBM Compact Printer O<default> GRAPHICS - IBM Graphics Printer -or- Proprinter (Epson printers) O THERMAL - IBM PC Convertible Printer O O [/R] prints black on the monitor as black on the printer, and white O as white. Otherwise the colors are reversed. O O [/B] to print the background color for COLOR4 and COLOR8. O O [/LCD] prints image from the LCD display of the IBM convertible OExamples : graphics graphics - loads graphics support for a proprinter OHELP - Provides help for the usage of DOS commands. O OFormat : [d:][path]HELP [command] [/F] O OUse : [d:][path] before HELP specifies the drive and path where the O HELP command file is located. O O [command] is the name of the command for which help is needed. O O [/F] will give the format line only, without the full description O O No parameter will give a short description of all subjects for O which help is available. O OExamples : help - Gives summary of the subjects help has in its database. O help replace /f - Displays the format line for the Replace command. O OEnvironment : The following strings in the environment will override defaults O helpfile=filename[.ext] - main help file, defaults to "commands.hlp" O helppath=[d:][path] - path where help files exist, defaults to "c:\help" O (MUST NOT end with a backslash "\") O helpcolo=TF,TB,SF,SB - sets colors, must be 2 digits, uses IBM numbers O (T - Text area, S - Status Lines, F - Foreground, B - Background) O HELP is a product of FM Software, and is distributed under the O"ShareWare" concept. You may make and distribute copies of this program, but Oyou may not sell copies. If you continue to use this program you are expected Oto purchase it, the price for this product is $35. O O Purchase of this product will entitle you to a printed manual, and upgrades Oto future versions of this product at the reduced cost of $8. This cost is Oto cover disk, printing, shipping and handling. O O FM Software does sell this product at a discount for bulk orders, Oand will engage in site licensing. Please send a written request for Oinformation about quanity ordering, and include in the request the number of Ocopies that you are interested in purchasing. O O Please send all correspondence to the following address : O O FM Software O P.O. Box 1069 O Washington Grove, Maryland O 20880 O O This program is Copyright, 1987 by FM Software, Inc. all rights O reserved. OJOIN - Logically connects a drive to an EMPTY directory on another drive to O produce a single directory structure from two separate directories. O OFormat : [d:][path]JOIN [d:] [d:\directory] [/D] O OUse : [d:][path] before JOIN specifies the drive and path where the O JOIN command file is located. O O [d:] specifies the drive to be connected. O O [d:\directory] specifies the drive and directory that the other drive O will be joined under. The directory MUST be empty. If the directory O does not exist it will be created. O O [/D] will disconnect a drive. The letter of the original unjoined O drive MUST be specified. O O No parameters will display the drive letters and directories which O are currently joined. O OExamples : join b: c:\temp - Joins drive b: to the directory temp, now all O accesses to the temp directory will actually go O out to drive b: O O join - Displays the message "B: => C:\TEMP" O O join b: /d - Disconnects drive b: from the temp directory OKEYB - Load support for non-english keyboards. O OFormat : [d:][path]KEYB [xx[,[yyy],[[d:][path]filename[.ext]]]] O OUse : [d:][path] before KEYB specifies the drive and path where the O KEYB command file is located. O O xx specifies the keyboard code. O O yyy specifies the code page defining the character set. O O [d:][path]filename] specifies the location and name of the keyboard O definition file, usually keyboard.sys. O ONotes : The following error codes are returned by KEYB: O 0 - Success O 1 - Invalid language, code page, or syntax O 2 - Bad or missing keyboard definition file O 3 - KEYB could not create a keyboard table in resident memory O 4 - An error condition occurred communicating with a CON device O 5 - Code page request has not been prepared O 6 - The translation table for the selected page cannot be found OLABEL - Allows creation, deletion, or change of a disk volume label. O OFormat : [d:][path]LABEL [d:][volume label] O OUse : [d:][path] before LABEL specifies the drive and path where the O LABEL command file is located. O O [d:] specifies the drive whose label is to be changed. O O [volume label] is the label to use, limit of 11 characters. O If this parameter is not given, then the user will be prompted for O the label. No entry to this prompt will delete the volume label. O OExamples : label a:programs - Gives the label "programs" to the disk in a:. OMKDIR or MD - Creates a subdirectory on the specified disk O OFormat - MKDIR [d:] directory name or MD [d:] directory name O OUse : [d:] specifies the drive on which the directory is to created. O O Directory name specifies the name of the subdirectory. O ONotes : The limit on path names is 63 characters. This means that no single O path for a file may exceed this limit (including backslashes) OMODE - Sets the manner in which a printer, Color/Graphics monitor, or an O Asynchronous Communications port will operate. O OFormat : [d:][path]MODE LPT#[:][n][,[m][,P]] O [d:][path]MODE n O [d:][path]MODE [n],m[,T] O [d:][path]MODE COMn[:] baud[,[parity][,[databits][,[stopbits][,P]]]] O [d:][path]MODE LPT#[:]=COM n O [d:][path]MODE device CP PREP=((cp|cplist) [d:][path]filename[.ext]) O [d:][path]MODE device CP SEL=cp O [d:][path]MODE device CP[/STA] O [d:][path]MODE device CP REF O OUse : [d:][path] before MODE specifies the drive and path where the O MODE command file is located. O Ooption1: Set up a printer O # is printer number 1, 2, or 3 O n is 80 or 132 characters per line O m is 6 or 8 lines per inch vertical spacing O P specifies continuous retry on printer time out O O Ooption2: Set up the display O n is 40, 80, BW40, BW80, CO40, CO80, or MONO set display type & width O m is R or L to shift display right or left O T requests a test pattern used to align the display O Ooption3: Set up a communications port O n is 1,2,3 or 4 for the Comm port number O baud is 110, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, or 19200 O parity is N (none), O (odd), or E (even) (default - E) O databits is 7 or 8 (default - 7) O stopbits is 1 or 2 O P specifies that the port is being used for a serial printer O Ooption4: Redirect printer output to a communications port O # is printer number 1, 2, or 3 O n is the Comm port number 1,2,3 or 4 O Ooption5: Prepare a code page O device is CON, PRN, LPT1, LPT2 or LPT3 O cp specifies one code page number (437, 850, 860, 863 or 865) O cplist specifies a list of code pages O [d:][path]filename[.ext] specifies the file containing the code page O Ooption6: Select or activate a code page O device is CON, PRN, LPT1, LPT2 or LPT3 O cp specifies one code page number (437, 850, 860, 863 or 865) O Ooption7: Display the currently active code page O device is CON, PRN, LPT1, LPT2 or LPT3 O Ooption8: Refresh a code page O device is CON, PRN, LPT1, LPT2 or LPT3 OMORE (Filter) - Reads data from the input device, sends one screen full O of data to the output device, then pauses with message O --More--. O OFormat : [d:][path]MORE O OUse : [d:][path] before MORE specifies the drive and path where the O MORE command file is located. O O pressing any character will begin output again. O OExamples : more <document.txt - Routes the file "document.txt" into the filter O to allow it to be displayed a page at a time. O O type phone.lst|more - Types the file "phone.lst" and sends it O through the more filter for paged output. ONLSFUNC - Loads support for code page switching. O OFormat : [d:][path]NLSFUNC [[d:][path]filename[.ext]] O OUse : [d:][path] specifies the location of the command file NLSFUNC. O O [d:][path]filename[.ext] specifies the location and filename of the O country information file (COUNTRY.SYS). If it is omitted, the O drive path and filename defined by the COUNTRY= command in the O CONFIG.SYS file is used. O ONotes : NLSFUNC can only be run once, and must be run before the CHCP command O is used. OPATH - Searches specified directories for commands and batch files that were O not found by a search of the current directory. O OFormat : PATH [[d:]path[[;[d:]path]] O OUse : A list of drives and path names may be specified, separated by commas. O These will be searched in the order given, when a command or batch O file is not found. O O If no parameters are specified then the current path is displayed. O O If only a semicolon is given, then the path is deleted. O OExamples : path d:\;c:\;c:\dos;c:\bin - Causes search of the root directory O on drive d:, then the root directory O on drive c:, the dos directory, and O finally the bin directory, when trying O to find an executable file. OPRINT - Prints a queue of data files on the printer while other tasks are being O performed on the computer. O OFormat : [d:][path]PRINT [/D:device] [/B:buffsiz] [/U:busytick] [/M:maxtick] O [/S:timeslice] [/Q:quesize] [/C] [/T] [/P] O [[d:][path][filename[.ext]]...] O OUse : [d:][path] before PRINT specifies the drive and path where the O PRINT command file is located. O OThe following are specified the first time PRINT is run only: O [/D:device] specifies the print device. Default is PRN. If used O this must be the first parameter. O [/B:buffsiz] specifies the size of the internal buffer. Default is O 512 bytes. O [/U:busytick] specifies the # of clock ticks to wait on a busy device. O Default is 1. O [/M:maxtick] specifies how many clock ticks PRINT has for output. O Default is 2, and the range is 1 to 255. O [/S:timeslice] specifies the time slice value. Default is 8, and the O range is 1 to 255. O [/Q:quesiz] specifies the maximum number of entries in the queue. O Default is 10, and the range is 1 to 32. OThe following may be specified any time PRINT is run: O [/T] set the terminate mode, all queued files are terminated and the O current file is halted. O [/C] cancels the following files from the queue. O [/P] adds the following files to the queue. O [d:][path][filename[.ext]] specifies a file to be used. Multiple O files may be entered, separated by spaces. O OExamples : print /D:LPT2 file.one file.two file.3 O - Sets the print program to print on LPT2 and puts the three files O in the queue. O O print /C file.two O - Removes file.two from the queue. O O print /T O - Removes all the files from the queue and stops the currently O printing file. OPROMPT - Resets the DOS prompt to whatever is desired by the user. O OFormat : PROMPT [prompt text] O OUse : Prompt text will specify the new system prompt. A $ followed by one O the following characters will use the specified special function: O O $ - The $ character O t - The time O d - The date O p - The current directory of the default drive O v - The version number O n - The default drive letter O g - The > character O l - The < character O b - The | character O q - The = character O h - A backspace O e - The ESC character O _ - The CR LF sequence O OExamples : prompt $p$g - Sets prompt to display the current directory followed O by a ">" sign. ORECOVER - Recovers files from a disk that has a bad sector or sectors. O OFormat : [d:][path]RECOVER [d:][path][filename[.ext]] O OUse : [d:][path] before RECOVER specifies the drive and path where the O RECOVER command file is located. O O [d:][path][filename[.ext]] specifies the name of the file to recover. O O [d:] without a filename will recover all files on a disk. O (use ONLY if the directory has become unrecoverable, since it will O rename all the files to FILEnnnn.REC ORENAME or REN - Changes the names of files. O OFormat : REN[AME] [d:][path][filename[.ext]] [filename[.ext]] O OUse : The first file specified will be renamed to the second file specified. O The second file cannot exist before the rename. O OExamples : ren test.com myprog.com - Renames the test.com file to myprog.com. OREPLACE - Selectively replaces the files on the target with the files of the O same name on the source. Selectively add files from the source to O the target. O OFormat : [d:][path]REPLACE [d:][path]filename[.ext] [d:][path] [/A] [/P] [/R] O [/S] [/W] O OUse : [d:][path] before REPLACE specifies the drive and path where the O REPLACE command file is located. O O [d:][path]filename[.ext] specifies the names of the files on the O source that are to be replaced on the target. Globals may be used. O O [d:][path] specifies the target drive and directory. O O [/A] copy all files specified that do not exist on the target. O [/P] all copies will prompt for user confirmation. O [/R] replace files that are read only on the target. O [/S] searches all directories for names matching the source. O [/W] waits for a disk to be inserted. O ONotes : /A and /S can NOT be used together. O O Replace returns the following error codes: O 2 - no source files were found O 3 - the source or target path was not found O 5 - attempted to write onto a read only file (use /R) O 8 - insufficient memory O 11 - invalid syntax O 15 - invalid drive was specified O 22 - incorrect version of DOS O OExamples : replace a:\*.* c:\ /s - Replaces every occurrence of the filenames O on drive a:, which also occur on drive c:, O with the files on drive a:. O O replace a:\*.* c:\dos /a - Copies every file on drive a:, which does O not also appear in the dos directory on O drive c:, into the dos directory on c:. ORESTORE - Restores files that have been backed up. O OFormat : [d:][path]RESTORE d: [d:][path]filename[.ext] [/S] [/P] O [/B:mm-dd-yy] [/A:mm-dd-yy] [/M] [/N] [/L:time] [/E:time] O OUse : [d:][path] before RESTORE specifies the drive and path where the O RESTORE command file is located. O O d: specifies the drive that contains the backup files. O O [d:][path]filename[.ext] specifies where to restore the files and O which files to restore. O O [/S] restores all subdirectories in addition to the files in the O specified directory. O O [/P] will ask the user before restoring files that have changed since O the last backup or are read only. O O [/B:mm-dd-yy] restore all files modified on or before the date given. O O [/A:mm-dd-yy] restore all files modified on or after the date given. O O [/M] restore all files modified or deleted since they were backed up. O O [/N] restore all files that no longer exist on the target. O O [/L:time] restore files modified at or later than the given time. O O [/E:time] restore files modified at or earlier than the given time. O ONotes : RESTORE returns the following error codes: O 0 - normal completion O 1 - no files found to restore O 2 - some files not restored due to sharing conflicts O 3 - terminated by user (ctrl-break) O 4 - terminated due to error O OExamples : restore a: c:\*.* /s O - Restores all files from the backups to drive c:. O O restore a: c:\*.com /b:10-04-86 O - Restores all files in the root directory of drive c: with a O ".com" extension which were modified before Oct. 4, 1986 ORMDIR or RD - Removes an empty subdirectory. O OFormat : RMDIR [d:]path or RD [d:]path O OUse : [d:] specifies the drive that is to have the directory removed. O O path specifies the subdirectory to remove. The directory MUST be O empty. O OExamples : rd \dos\batch - Removes the subdirectory "batch" which is O subordinate to the "dos" subdirectory. OSELECT - Installs DOS on a new disk with the keyboard layout, date and O time format selected. O OFormat : [d:][path]SELECT [[A:|B:][d:][path]] xxx yy O OUse : [d:][path] before SELECT specifies the location of the command file. O O [A:|B:] specifies the source drive, if specified then the target O must also be specified. O O [d:][path] target drive and directory that the DOS command files are O to be loaded into. O O xxx specifies the country code. O O yy specifies the keyboard code. O OExample : select a: c:\dos 437 US - Installs DOS using the United States O selection onto drive c: in the "dos" O subdirectory. OSET - Inserts strings into the command processor's environment. O OFormat : SET [name=[parameter]] O OUse : name=parameter will place the entire string into the environment. O O name= without a parameter will remove the given string from the O environment. O O no parameter will display all the strings in the environment. O ONotes : The environment is one method for passing information to programs and O commands, since a copy of the environment is provided for each O command and application. Batch files are also able to access the O environment. O OExamples : set help=c:\dos\help - Inserts the string into the environment. O O set help= - Removes the string starting with help= from the O environment. OSHARE - Loads support for file sharing and diskette change protection. O OFormat : [d:][path]SHARE [/F:filespace] [/L:locks] O OUse : [d:][path] preceding SHARE specifies the location of the SHARE O command file. O O [/F:filespace] allocates file space in bytes for the area used to O record the information necessary for file sharing. Each open file O requires the length of the full name plus eleven bytes. If omitted O SHARE allocates 2048 bytes. O O [/L:locks] allocates space for the number of locks needed. The O default value is 20 locks. OSORT (Filter) - Reads data from the input device, sorts the data, then send the O data to the output device. O OFormat : [d:][path]SORT [/R] [/+n] O OUse : [d:][path] before SORT specifies the drive and path where the O SORT command file is located. O O [/R] specifies a sort in reverse order. O O [/+n] specifies to start sorting in column n. O ONotes : This is a filter and is designed for use with piping and redirection. O Some Useful numbers if when sorting directories (dir|sort [/+n]): O [/+9] sorts by extension O [/+14] sorts by size O [/+23] sorts by date O [/+33] sorts by time O OExamples : dir|sort [/+23] - Sorts the directory by date. O O sort <list.txt >sortlist.txt - Sorts the file "list.txt" and puts O it in the file "sortlist.txt". OSTDIO - Summary of the Standard Input and Output features of DOS. O OFunction Keys : DOS provides the ability to edit the previously entered O command line for re-entry. The function keys have the following meanings: O O F1 - Repeats the next character, and moves the cursor one space to the O right. O O F2 - Copies all characters up to the next character entered. O (F2 f : copies all characters up to the first "f") O O F3 - Copies all remaining characters up to the end of the line. O O F4 - Skips all characters up to the next character entered. O (F4 r : skips all characters up to the first "r") O O F5 - Accept the edited line for more editing as the retained line. O O INS - Toggles the insert mode for characters O O Backspace & Left arrow - Moves the cursor one space left, non destructive. O O ORedirection : DOS will accept input from other sources and send its output O to other destinations. It uses redirection to accomplish this as follows: O O >[d:][path]filename[.ext] causes the specified file to be created or O truncated to zero length, then all output that would normally have gone O to the screen is sent to the file. O O >>[d:][path]filename[.ext] causes the specified file to be opened (or O created if necessary), then all output that would have normally gone O to the screen is appended to the end of the file. O O <[d:][path]filename[.ext] causes all input to the program to come from O the specified file. O OPiping: DOS will allow the output from one command to be sent to the input O of another command. This is known as piping, and is accomplished as O follows: O O | is piping character which is used by DOS. To pipe the output of a O directory command to the input of a program called "sorter", the following O would be entered on the command line : dir | sorter. O O OExamples : dir|sort [/R] O - Sorts the output of the directory command in reverse order O and puts it onto the screen. O O type list.txt|sort >>sorted.lst O - Sorts the information in the file "list.txt" and appends it O to the file "sorted.lst" O O calc <input.txt >output.txt O - Sends the information in the file "input.txt" to the program O "calc". The output from "calc" is sent to the file "output.txt". O O dir | find"<DIR>" | sort O - Sends the output of a directory command into the find filter. O The find filter then sends its output, which will be all of O the directory entries, to the sort filter, which will output O them to the screen in sorted order. OSUBST - Allows a drive specifier to refer to a different drive or path. O OFormat : [d:][path]SUBST [d:] [d:][path] [/D] O OUse : [d:][path] before SUBST specifies the drive and path where the O SUBST command file is located. O O The first [d:] specifies the new drive that will be used. O O The second [d:] and [path] specify the drive and path that the user O wishes to refer to with the new drive. O O [/D] deletes a substitution. The drive used as the nickname must be O specified. O O no parameters will display the current substitutions. O OExamples : subst f: c:\dos - Allows files in the "dos" directory to be accessed O by specifying drive f:. OSYS - Transfers the operating system to another disk. O OFormat : [d:][path]SYS d: O OUse : [d:][path] before SYS specifies the drive and path where the O SYS command file is located. O O d: specifies the drive to which to transfer the system. O ONotes : The directory of the disk must be completely empty, or the disk must O have been formatted with the /S or /B commands to set aside space O for the hidden system files in the directory. OTIME - Permits display and change of the system time. O OFormat : TIME [hh:mm[:ss[.xx]]] O OUse : The time desired is entered as a parameter. Resolution is possible O to the hundredth of a second. O O If no parameter is specified, then the current time is displayed and O a new time is requested. Pressing enter will keep the old time. OTREE - Displays all the directory paths on the specified drive. O OFormat : [d:][path]TREE [d:] [/F] O OUse : [d:][path] before TREE specifies the drive and path where the O TREE command file is located. O O [d:] specifies the drive to display. If not specified, then the O default drive is used. O O [/F] will also list all the files in the directories. O OExamples : tree c: /f - Displays all of the directories on drive c: and the O filenames in those directories. OTYPE - Displays the contents of the specified file. O OFormat : TYPE [d:][path]filename[.ext] O OUse : [d:][path]filename[.ext] specifies the file to be displayed. O OExamples : type autoexec.bat - Displays the contents of the autoexec.bat file. OVER - Displays the version of DOS being used. O OFormat : VER O OExamples : ver - Displays the version of DOS in use. OVERIFY - Verifies that data written to disk has been correctly recorded. O OFormat : VERIFY [ON|OFF] O OUse : This option may be turned on or off. If no parameter is given, then O the current status will be given. O OExamples : verify on - Turns on the verify option. OVOL - Displays the volume label for the specified drive. O OFormat : VOL [d:] O OUse : [d:] is the drive which is to have its label displayed. If no drive O is specified, then the default drive is used. O OExamples : vol a: - Displays the volume label of the disk in drive a:. OXCOPY - Selectively copies a group of files, which can include lower level O subdirectories. O OFormat : [d:][path]XCOPY [d:][path][filename[.ext]] [d:][path][filename[.ext]] O [/A] [/D:mm-dd-yy] [/E] [/M] [/P] [/S] [/V] [/W] O OUse : [d:][path] before XCOPY specifies the drive and path where the O XCOPY command file is located. O O The first [d:][path][filename[.ext]] specifies the drive, file, or O directory that XCOPY is to use as a source. O O The second [d:][path][filename[.ext]] specifies the target drive, O path, and filename. O O [/A] copies only files with archive bits set. O [/D:mm-dd-yy] copies only files with dates on or after that specified. O [/E] creates subdirectories even if they end up empty. O [/M] copies files with the archive bit set. O [/P] prompts for confirmation before copying. O [/S] copies subdirectories under the source directory. O [/V] verify sectors written for correctness. O [/W] wait for a disk to be inserted. OExamples : xcopy a:\ c: /s O - Copies all files on drive a:, including files in subdirectories, O to drive c:. O O xcopy c:\*.* a: /m O - Copies the files in the root directory which have the archive O bit set (indicating they have been modified) to drive a:. O O xcopy c:\*.bat a: /d:11-11-86 O - Copies all batch files in the root directory on drive c:, which O were created on or after Nov. 11, 1896, to the disk in drive a:.
